Which of the following best describes the elements of proper watchkeeping?

The choice that best encapsulates the elements of proper watchkeeping is the one that emphasizes the importance of keeping a proper GMDSS radio station log and responding to all alarms. Proper watchkeeping involves constant monitoring of equipment and communication systems, especially in a maritime context where safety is paramount. This includes not only recording important operational data in the log but also being alert to alarms, which are critical signals that indicate potential emergencies or faults in vessel operations.

Responding to alarms promptly is vital; it can mean the difference between minor issues being managed effectively and major incidents escalating. In contrast, while understanding normal operational indicators and maintaining a log are important, they are not sufficient alone without the proactive response to alarms that a watchkeeper must ensure.

Additionally, logging out of Inmarsat-C terminals or maintaining a log without comprehending the operational indicators does not fully embody the comprehensive responsibilities required of a watchkeeping role. It is essential that watchkeepers integrate all aspects of monitoring and response to ensure the safety and efficiency of maritime operations.